自动化运维管理fabric
自动化日常管理任务和部署">如何使用fabric 自动化日常管理任务和部署
自动化，批量化是作为管理员，或者运维人员必须面临的问题。自动化和批量化也有很多方式，可以用单一工具也可以自己写shell脚本，甚至可以开发出来一套完备的任务管理系统。其实我们大多时候可以在一台主机上面通过ssh来控制所有机器，来完成我们的任务工作。是否有这样的工具来支持我们呢？
fabric 常用接口
fabric是对ssh的一个集成工具，对我们而言只需要使用相应的接口，来高效的完成工作，我们常用到的功能基本是 ： 本地或者远端执行命令， 分发文件，收集文件，还有一些权限相关的操作。 这些fabric都给我们提供了对应的接口。
如下所示：
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run
(
fabric
.
operations
.
run
)
sudo
(
fabric
.
operations
.
sudo
)
local
(
fabric
.
operations
.
local
)
get
(
fabric
.
operations
.
get
)
put
(
fabric
.
operations
.
put
)
prompt
(
fabric
.
operations
.
prompt
)
reboot
(
fabric
.
operations
.
reboot
)
|
fabric 还提供了上下文管理器
接口部分提供了命令运行的方式，不过都无法保持上下文关系，为了解决这个问题，fabric的context manager 就派上了用场：
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cd
(
fabric
.
context_managers
.
cd
)
lcd
(
fabric
.
context_managers
.
lcd
)
path
(
fabric
.
context_managers
.
path
)
settings
(
fabric
.
context_managers
.
settings
)
prefix
(
fabric
.
context_managers
.
prefix
)
|
fabric 安装
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1
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easy_install
fabric
|
fabric 编程模型介绍
由于fabric是基于python的，所以写fabric脚本就是写python脚本，你可以像写python脚本一样，可以依赖其他模块或者其他工具来完成工作。Fabric 脚本，通过fab工具运行fabric python脚本。fab工具默认执行fabfile.py ,也可以通过-f 参数指定 脚本文件名。fabric优势多多，简单，方便，日志输出清晰，命令
中可以使用AWK 命令 下面我们看一个 hello world 程序。
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from
fabric
.
api
import *
def
helloworld
(
who
=
'world'
)
:
print
"Hello {0}!"
.
format
(
who
)
def
helloworld1
(
you
=
'world'
,
me
=
'ruiaylin'
)
:
print
"Hello {0}! i am {1} ! "
.
format
(
you
,
me
)
|
执行命令(其中参数的传递直接跟在任务后跟变量名和参数)：
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fabric
fab
-
f
helloword
.
py
helloworld
Hello
world
!
Done
.
fabric
fab
-
f
helloword
.
py
helloworld1
:
you
=
'ruichao'
,
me
=
'ruiaylin'
Hello
ruichao
!
i
am
ruiaylin
!
Done
.
|
fabric主要接口方法
我们已经看了一个简单例子下面我们来看一下fabric的主要接口。
run (fabric.operations.run)
Fabric 中使用最多的就是 run 方法了。run是用来在一台或者多台远程主机上面执行shell 命令。
- 方法的返回值是可以通过变量来进行捕获
- 可以通过变量的.failed 和 .succeeded 来检查命令是否执行成功
- 还有一个很赞的就是 run 方法中执行命令的时候，可以支持awk 很给力
使用方法：
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# creat a directory
run
(
" mkdir /tmp/testdir/ -p "
)
# check process
result
=
run
(
"ps -ef |grep mysqld|grep -v safe |grep -v grep | wc -l "
#Check if command
result
.
failed
|
sudo (fabric.operations.sudo)
使用 sudo 命令执行对顶的命令。使用方法与run 类似。
local (fabric.operations.local)
local 命令是执行本机的命令或者脚本.使用方法和run 还有sudo类似，但是有一个区别
就是： 捕获结果的时候，是通过指定 capture=False 或者capture=True来确定。来看
实例：
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# example like this ：
def
helloworld
(
who
=
'world'
)
:
print
"Hello {0}!"
.
format
(
who
)
yy
=
local
(
" pwd "
,
capture
=
False
)
print
'start : yy = '
,
yy
,
' : :: '
,
yy
.
succeeded
zz
=
local
(
" pwd "
,
capture
=
True
)
print
'start : zz = '
,
zz
,
' : :: '
,
zz
.
succeeded
#result ：
fabric
fab
-
f
helloword
.
py
helloworld
-
H
10.211.55.3
-
u
root
[
10.211.55.3
]
Executing
task
'helloworld'
Hello
world
!
[
localhost
]
local
:
pwd
/
Users
/
ruiaylin
/
Documents
/
workpython
/
fabric
start
:
yy
=
:
::
True
[
localhost
]
local
:
pwd
start
:
zz
=
/
Users
/
ruiaylin
/
Documents
/
workpython
/
fabric
:
::
True
|
get (fabric.operations.get)
get 方法是从远程主机 copy file 到本地,功能跟scp一样。可以从远程主机下载
备份，或者日志文件等等。
- 通过参数 remote_path 指定远程文件的路径
- 通过参数 local_path 指定远程文件的路径
使用方法如下：
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# Download some logs
get
(
remote_path
=
"/tmp/xxx.log"
,
local_path
=
"/tmp/xxx.log"
)
# Download a database back-up
get
(
"/backup/db.gz"
,
"./db.gz"
)
|
put (fabric.operations.put)
某些需要上传和分发文件的时候，put命令就派上了用场，使用方式类似 get。也同样可以
通过.failed .succeeded进行命令是否执行成功的判断。
- local_path - 本地路径
- remote_path - 远程路径
- mode - 文件属性
如下例子：
|
1
|
upload
=
put
(
"requirements.txt"
,
"requirements.txt"
,
mode
=
0664
)
|
并行执行
目前官方来看 1.X 版本的fabric 并行执行的时候不是thread safe的。如果需要并行执行task。需要在方法上面使用注解 @parallel 为了防止管控机器上面过多的并发任务可以通过 @parallel(pool_size=5)来设置. 并行的执行输出都会输出到一个终端上面，比较混乱。最好是写到日志，以task为维度。跟下面的代码类似。
MySQL 安装实例
安装步骤如下
- 获取主机ip
- check主机可达性
- 检查linux平台详情
- 是否有运行的mysql实例
- 如果有获取对应的端口
- 检查是否和要安装的端口冲突
- 处理mysql用户以及属组
- 处理安装相关目录和权限
- copy 安装包到目标机
- 解压处理，将主要软件工具软连接到path路径中
- 生成对应标准配置文件并分发到目标机对应目录
- 初始化数据库
- 启动数据库
- 基本步骤安装完毕
基本脚本如下：
script 1 sub task :
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|
from
fabric
.
api
import
*
from
fabric
.
colors
import
green
,
red
,
blue
,
cyan
,
yellow
import
os
,
sys
import
socket
import
datetime
import
logging
import
logging.handlers
#get logger for logging
def
initLoggerWithRotate
(
)
:
logname
=
''
.
join
(
env
.
host_string
.
split
(
'.'
)
)
+
'.log'
logFileName
=
"logs/%s"
%
logname
logger
=
logging
.
getLogger
(
"fabric"
)
formater
=
logging
.
Formatter
(
"%(asctime)s %(name)s %(levelname)s %(message)s"
,
"%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
)
file_handler
=
logging.handlers
.
RotatingFileHandler
(
logFileName
,
maxBytes
=
104857600
,
backupCount
=
5
)
file_handler
.
setFormatter
(
formater
)
stream_handler
=
logging
.
StreamHandler
(
sys
.
stderr
)
logger
.
addHandler
(
file_handler
)
logger
.
addHandler
(
stream_handler
)
logger
.
setLevel
(
logging
.
INFO
)
return
logger
#mkdir
def
runmkdir
(
dir
)
:
run
(
''' mkdir -p %s '''
%
dir
)
#stp 1 check host
def
checkhost
(
logger
)
:
host
=
env
.
host
_string
s
=
socket
.
socket
(
socket
.
AF_INET
,
socket
.
SOCK_STREAM
)
flag_c
=
0
try
:
s
.
connect
(
(
host
,
22
)
)
flag_c
=
1
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> host %s can be reachable '
%
host
)
)
except
socket
.
error
as
e
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> Error on connect %s'
%
e
)
)
s
.
close
(
)
return
flag_c
#stp 2 check alive instance on target host
def
checkmysqlinstance
(
logger
)
:
try
:
wc
=
run
(
''' ps -ef |grep mysqld|grep -v safe | grep -v grep | wc -l '''
)
if
int
(
wc
)
>
0
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> %sinstance exist on the target host '
%
wc
)
)
portraw
=
run
(
''' ps -ef |grep mysqld|grep -v safe |grep -v grep |awk ' {for(i=1;i<=NF;i++){if($i ~/--port/ ){print $i}}}' |awk -F '=' '{print $2}'
'''
)
ports
=
[
x
.
strip
(
)
for
x
in
portraw
.
split
(
)
]
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> existing instance port : [ %s ] '
%
(
','
.
join
(
ports
)
)
)
)
if
port
in
ports
:
logger
.
error
(
red
(
' --> Install port %s exist , install failed '
%
port
)
)
logger
.
error
(
red
(
' <<<exit>>>>> task on host %s stop & exit() '
%
thost
)
)
sys
.
exit
(
)
except
Exception
,
e
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> checkmysqlinstance() exception : %s '
%
e
)
)
raise
e
#stp 3 initdir for installation
def
createUser
(
logger
,
user
=
'mysql'
,
group
=
'dba'
)
:
try
:
if
int
(
run
(
'grep "^mysql" /etc/passwd|wc -l'
)
)
==
0
:
run
(
'groupadd dba '
)
run
(
'useradd -c "mysql software owner" -g dba -G dba mysql'
)
run
(
'mkdir -p /home/mysql ; chown -R mysql.dba /home/mysql '
)
logger
.
info
(
cyan
(
' --> create user [ mysql ] in group [ dba ] success '
)
)
else
:
logger
.
info
(
yellow
(
' --> user [ mysql ] in group [ dba ] exist & skip '
)
)
except
Exception
,
e
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> createUser() exception : %s '
%
e
)
)
raise
e
#stp 4 initail directory for mysql
def
initdir
(
logger
,
port
=
3306
)
:
try
:
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> begin to create dirs for installation '
)
)
datadir
=
'/data/'
logdir
=
'/log/'
mandir
=
'mysql%s'
%
port
subddir
=
'/data/mysql%s/{data,log,run,tmp}'
%
(
port
)
subldir
=
'/log/mysql%s/{binlog,iblog}'
%
(
port
)
#data
ck1
=
run
(
' df -vh | grep /data | wc -l '
)
if
ck1
==
0
:
logger
.
error
(
green
(
' --> no /data/ partition exist'
)
)
#sys.exit()
if
int
(
run
(
' ls / | grep /data | wc -l '
)
)
==
0
or
int
(
run
(
' ls /data/ | grep -w %s | wc -l '
%
mandir
)
)
==
0
:
runmkdir
(
subddir
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> /data/*** create Ok '
)
)
else
:
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> /data/mysql%s exsit '
%
port
)
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> pls,handle it and restart this task '
)
)
sys
.
exit
(
)
#log
ck2
=
run
(
' df -vh | grep /log/ | wc -l '
)
if
int
(
run
(
' df -vh | grep /log/ | wc -l '
)
)
==
0
and
int
(
run
(
' ls / | grep -w log | wc -l '
)
)
==
0
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> no /log/ partition exist'
)
)
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> create link for /log/ --> /data/log/'
)
)
runmkdir
(
'/data/log'
)
run
(
'ln -s /data/log /log '
)
runmkdir
(
subldir
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> /log/*** create Ok '
)
)
else
:
if
int
(
run
(
' ls /log/ | grep -w %s | wc -l '
%
mandir
)
)
==
0
:
runmkdir
(
subldir
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> /log/*** create Ok '
)
)
else
:
logger
.
info
(
yellow
(
' --> /log/mysql%s exsit '
%
port
)
)
logger
.
error
(
red
(
' --> pls,handle it and restart this task '
)
)
sys
.
exit
(
)
#change
runmkdir
(
'/data/tmp'
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> change dirs owner&privs start'
)
)
run
(
'chown -R mysql:dba /data/*'
)
run
(
'chown -R mysql:dba /log'
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> change dirs owner&privs done'
)
)
except
Exception
,
e
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> initdir() exception : %s '
%
e
)
)
raise
e
#stp 5 put mysql install package
def
copymysql
(
logger
,
version
=
'5.7'
)
:
try
:
dits
=
{
'ubuntu'
:
'mysql-server_5.6.21-1ubuntu12.04_amd64.deb-bundle.tar'
,
'centos'
:
'mysql-server.tar.gz'
}
issue
=
run
(
'cat /etc/issue'
)
ss
=
issue
.
lower
(
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' %s '
%
ss
)
)
if
int
(
run
(
' ls /usr/local/ | grep mysql | wc -l '
)
)
>
0
:
logger
.
info
(
yellow
(
' --> mysql software installed , skip '
)
)
return
plats
=
dits
.
keys
(
)
for
x
in
plats
:
if
ss
.
find
(
x
)
!=
-
1
:
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> the target host platform is %s'
%
x
)
)
put
(
local_path
=
"configs/%s"
%
dits
[
x
]
,
remote_path
=
"/tmp/%s"
%
dits
[
x
]
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> tar the ball to prop dir '
)
)
run
(
'tar zxvf /tmp/%s -C /usr/local/ '
%
dits
[
x
]
)
run
(
'ln -s /usr/local/%s /usr/local/mysql '
%
dits
[
x
]
[
:
-
7
]
)
break
except
Exception
,
e
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> copymysql() exception : %s '
%
e
)
)
raise
e
#gen my.cnf file
def
getnewServerId
(
logger
,
port
)
:
host
=
env
.
host_string
print
'getnewServerId : '
,
host
pics
=
host
.
split
(
'.'
)
a
=
int
(
pics
[
0
]
)
b
=
int
(
pics
[
1
]
)
c
=
int
(
pics
[
2
]
)
d
=
int
(
pics
[
3
]
)
suf
=
int
(
port
)
%
256
server_id
=
b
*
256
*
256
*
256
+
c
*
256
*
256
+
d
*
256
+
suf
logger
.
info
(
cyan
(
' --> gen server_id done , %s %s is %s '
%
(
host
,
port
,
server_id
)
)
)
return
server_id
def
genmycnf
(
logger
,
port
=
3306
,
itype
=
'h'
)
:
host
=
env
.
host_string
bps
=
{
"a"
:
"48|32|3100|3000"
,
"b"
:
"62|40|4600|4500"
,
'c'
:
'94|64|7600|7500'
,
'd'
:
'94|32|3100|3000'
,
'e'
:
'125|75|10100|10000'
,
'f'
:
'188|120|15100|15000'
,
'g'
:
'188|60|7600|7500'
,
'h'
:
'1|256M|800|750'
}
try
:
myfile
=
''
.
join
(
host
.
split
(
'.'
)
)
+
'.cnf'
cpmycnf
=
"""cp configs/my.cnf tmp/%s """
%
myfile
local
(
'rm -f tmp/%s'
%
myfile
)
local
(
"cp configs/my.cnf tmp/%s "
%
myfile
)
sid
=
getnewServerId
(
logger
,
port
)
keys
=
bps
.
keys
(
)
bpxs
=
bps
[
itype
]
mem
,
bpsize
,
maxc
,
maxuc
=
bpxs
.
split
(
'|'
)
if
bpsize
[
-
1
]
!=
"M"
:
bpsize
=
bpsize
+
'g'
chrgcmd
=
""" sed -i -e "s/3306/%s/g" -e "s/server_id=10000/server_id=%s/g" -e "s/=32g/=%s/g" -e "s/max_connections=3100/max_connections=%s/g" -e "s/max_user_connections=3000/max_user_connections=%s/g" tmp/%s """
local
(
chrgcmd
%
(
port
,
sid
,
bpsize
,
maxc
,
maxuc
,
myfile
)
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> gen my.cnf success '
)
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
' --> copy my.cnf to dist host '
)
)
put
(
local_path
=
"tmp/%s"
%
myfile
,
remote_path
=
"/data/mysql%s/my.cnf"
%
(
port
)
)
except
Exception
,
e
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
' --> genmycnf() exception : %s '
%
traceback
.
format_exc
(
)
)
)
raise
e
|
script 2 whole task :
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
|
import
inst_utils
from
inst_utils
import
*
def
install_mysql
(
port
)
:
logger
=
initLoggerWithRotate
(
)
thost
=
env
.
host_string
try
:
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 1 get the host %s '
%
thost
)
)
#check host reachable
rs1
=
checkhost
(
logger
)
if
int
(
rs1
)
==
0
:
logger
.
info
(
red
(
'stp 2 check the host is reachable failed '
)
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 2 check the host is reachable OK '
)
)
plat_type
=
run
(
''' uname -o '''
)
if
plat_type
!=
'GNU/Linux'
:
logger
.
warning
(
yellow
(
'stp 3 target platform is not GNU/Linux & exit() '
)
)
sys
.
exit
(
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 3 target platform is GNU/Linux'
)
)
#check target host exsist mysql instance
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 4 checkmysqlinstance '
)
)
checkmysqlinstance
(
logger
)
#create MySQL user
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 5 createUser '
)
)
createUser
(
logger
)
put
(
local_path
=
"configs/bash_profile"
,
remote_path
=
"/home/mysql/.bash_profile"
)
#checking dir
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 6 initdir '
)
)
initdir
(
logger
,
port
)
#copy file
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 7 copymysql '
)
)
copymysql
(
logger
)
logger
.
info
(
green
(
'stp 8 genmycnf '
)
)
genmycnf
(
logger
,
port
,
'h'
)
except
Exception
,
e
:
print
'main : exception : '
,
e
|
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